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Italian Grammar 12 min read

Italian Relative Pronouns (Che, Cui, Il Quale, Dove): How to Connect Sentences Naturally

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Vurbit Team

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Italian Relative Pronouns (Che, Cui, Il Quale, Dove): How to Connect Sentences Naturally

Italian relative pronouns help you connect ideas without repeating the same nouns over and over.

Instead of: Ho un amico. L’amico vive a Milano. you can say: Ho un amico che vive a Milano.

If you’re aiming for B1/B2 (or CILS/CELI/PLIDA), mastering these connectors will make your writing and speaking noticeably more natural.

Relative clauses are one of those “I understand it, but I can’t produce it” topics. To build confidence, try Vurbit’s AI translator on iOS and ask for two versions: a simple sentence and the same idea with a relative clause.

Table of contents

What is a relative clause?

A relative clause gives extra information about a noun (the “antecedent”). In English you often use who, that, which.

In Italian, the most common tools are che, cui, and sometimes il quale. For places, dove is common.

Example:

  • Conosco una ragazza che parla tre lingue. — I know a girl who speaks three languages.

Che: the default relative pronoun

Che is the most common relative pronoun. It can mean who, that, or which depending on context.

Che as the subject (the doer)

Here che is the subject of the relative clause:

  • È un film che mi piace molto. — It’s a movie that I really like.
  • Ho un’amica che vive a Roma. — I have a friend who lives in Rome.
  • Questo è il libro che costa di più. — This is the book that costs the most.

Che as the direct object (the thing affected)

Here che is the object inside the relative clause:

  • La pizza che mangio oggi è buonissima. — The pizza (that) I’m eating today is delicious.
  • Le persone che ho incontrato ieri erano gentilissime. — The people (that) I met yesterday were very kind.
Pattern Italian Natural English
Noun + che + verb (subject) Ho un amico che lavora qui. I have a friend who works here.
Noun + che + auxiliary + participle (object) Le cose che ho comprato The things that I bought

When you can’t use che

If you need a preposition (a, di, da, in, con, su, per, tra/fra…), you generally cannot use che.

For those cases, you’ll usually use cui (often with the preposition) or il quale.

Cui (almost always with a preposition)

Cui roughly means “whom/which” and is used especially after a preposition.

Think of it as: preposition + cui = “to/with/in/from which” or “to/with/in/from whom”.

Meaning Italian English
to whom / to which la persona a cui scrivo the person to whom I’m writing
with whom / with which il collega con cui lavoro the colleague with whom I work
in which / where la città in cui vivo the city where I live
about which l’argomento di cui parliamo the topic we’re talking about

Mini examples you’ll actually use

  • È una storia di cui non voglio parlare. — It’s a story I don’t want to talk about.
  • Questa è la persona a cui devo rispondere. — This is the person I have to reply to.
  • Il bar in cui andiamo è vicino a casa. — The café we go to is close to home.
  • È un problema su cui dobbiamo riflettere. — It’s a problem we need to think about.

A common learner mistake

English can “strand” a preposition at the end: “the person you talked to”. Italian can’t do that, so the preposition needs to appear before cui:

  • ✅ la persona con cui ho parlato
  • ❌ la persona cui ho parlato con

Il quale / la quale / i quali / le quali: when to use them

Il quale (“which”) is more formal and often used to avoid ambiguity, especially in writing.

It agrees in gender/number with the noun it refers to:

Form Refers to Example
il quale masculine singular il documento il quale… (formal)
la quale feminine singular la legge la quale
i quali masculine plural i motivi i quali
le quali feminine plural le persone le quali

It can also be used with prepositions, just like cui:

  • la persona alla quale ho scritto — the person to whom I wrote
  • il progetto sul quale lavoriamo — the project we’re working on

When is il quale useful?

Use it when your sentence has multiple nouns and you want to be crystal clear.

Compare:

  • Ho parlato con Marco di Luca, che vive a Torino. — Who lives in Turin? Marco or Luca? (ambiguous)
  • Ho parlato con Marco di Luca, il quale vive a Torino. — Clearer: Luca lives in Turin.

Dove (and what about “which”?)

For places, dove is extremely common and often replaces in cui:

  • È la città dove sono nato. — It’s the city where I was born.
  • Questo è il ristorante dove mangiamo sempre. — This is the restaurant where we always eat.

But you can also say:

  • È la città in cui sono nato. (a bit more “structured”, also very correct)

About “which”: in Italian, you don’t choose between who/that/which the way English does. You mainly choose based on grammar:

  • If no preposition is needed: usually che.
  • If a preposition is needed: usually preposition + cui (or preposition + il quale in more formal writing).

The big trap: past participle agreement

This is a classic B1/B2 “accuracy” point: in the passato prossimo with avere, the past participle can agree when the direct object comes before the verb.

A relative clause can trigger this, because che can be the direct object.

Antecedent Relative clause Why
la lettera (fem. sing.) La lettera che ho scritto / (often) che ho scritta che = direct object → agreement is common, especially in careful writing
le foto (fem. pl.) Le foto che ho fatto / che ho fatte fatte matches le foto
i biglietti (masc. pl.) I biglietti che ho comprato / che ho comprati comprati matches i biglietti

Spoken Italian is often less strict, but for exams and writing, it’s a strong accuracy boost to recognize (and sometimes use) the agreement.

Practice (with answers)

1) Combine the sentences using che

  1. Ho visto un film. Il film mi ha fatto piangere.
  2. Conosco una persona. La persona lavora in ospedale.

2) Combine the sentences using preposition + cui

  1. È una cosa. Non voglio parlare di questa cosa.
  2. Ho un collega. Esco spesso con questo collega.

Answers (one possible version)

  1. Ho visto un film che mi ha fatto piangere.
  2. Conosco una persona che lavora in ospedale.
  3. È una cosa di cui non voglio parlare.
  4. Ho un collega con cui esco spesso.

If you can reliably choose between che and preposition + cui, you’ll unlock a huge chunk of “connected Italian” for real conversations and for exam writing tasks.

Want to practice what you just learned?

Download Vurbit today to test yourself on these verbs and listen to the correct pronunciation.